Psychodynamic theory
Psychodynamic psychology is closely linked to the theories of the renowned psychologist Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, thoughts arise from the interplay between the conscious and unconscious mind. While conscious thoughts are those we are actively aware of, unconscious thoughts manifest indirectly, often through dreams. Additionally, the activities of the conscious mind influence the thoughts that emerge in the unconscious mind, highlighting the dynamic relationship between the two.
Freud identifies three key components that shape every individual. The first is the id, representing the biological drives and instincts related to maleness and femaleness. The second is the ego, the rational, social self that mediates and regulates the id. The third is the superego, which transcends the individual and embodies a collective understanding of social identity.
Freud’s theory also outlines a series of developmental stages that all individuals undergo. From birth to age one, the child is in the oral stage, focused on the mouth as a source of gratification. This is followed by the anal stage (ages 1–2), where the child becomes aware of their ability to control excretion and urination. Next comes the phallic stage (ages 3–6), during which boys and girls become increasingly aware of their physical differences and often form close emotional bonds with the opposite-sex parent.
After the phallic stage is the latent phase (ages 6–12), a period during which the individual focuses on social identity and becomes more conscious of their ego. The final stage is the genital stage, beginning at age 12, when individuals develop an awareness of their adult reproductive capacities and sexual maturity.
Freud’s theory introduces the concept of fixation, suggesting that individuals may become stuck in a particular developmental stage if they experience trauma or significant challenges during that time. For example, a child who loses their mother at age one might develop an oral fixation, which could manifest later in life as behaviors like excessive drinking or smoking.
A unique aspect of Freud’s theory is the claim that consciously chosen behaviors often stem from repressed experiences within the unconscious mind. Proponents argue that these repressions can be addressed and released through psychodynamic counseling, particularly for individuals who have faced physical or emotional crises during their developmental stages. This therapeutic approach aims to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, helping individuals achieve greater psychological well-being.
Crises leading to fixated behavior can arise at any stage of development. According to Freud, personal development is influenced by two opposing forces: Eros and Thanatos. Eros, named after the Greek god of love, is associated with optimism and life-affirming tendencies. In contrast, Thanatos, the Greek personification of death, is linked to pessimism and destructive impulses. The direction of an individual's development determines whether their conscious mindset leans toward positive or negative outcomes.
Freud's contributions have left a profound impact on psychology, offering one of the most influential theories in the field. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the prominence of a theory does not necessarily guarantee its accuracy. This critical perspective will be explored at the end of our course.