Introduction to Module 1

Upon completion of this module, participants will be able to:

  • Identify the major schools of thought in psychology (behaviourism, humanism, psychoanalytic theory, and cognitive theory) and their key principles.
  • Explain the historical and philosophical roots of each school of thought.
  • Describe the contributions of major figures in psychology, such as Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky.

Psychology holds particular importance among the social science disciplines available to social workers, as it offers valuable insights into the complexities of human behaviour and development. Psychological therapies are essential for addressing the diverse needs of service users, offering tailored support in various contexts.

A holistic approach to psychology is crucial for maximising its effectiveness in social work. Each psychological perspective offers therapies with unique therapeutic merits which vary depending on the specific service-user and the context in which they are applied. Moreover, examining the connection between psychological concepts and social work practice can empower individuals, families, carers, groups, and communities to make well-informed decisions.

The primary aim of this course is to emphasise how integrating psychology into social work practice can significantly enhance its effectiveness. By applying psychological principles, social workers can bridge the intrapersonal aspects unique to their individual practice with the interpersonal elements recognised as good practice standards within the profession.

The majority of therapists do not address every issue within the scope of therapy; instead, they often specialise in working with specific groups of people or particular types of problems. A therapist’s area of specialisation is often shaped by various factors, such as the population they serve, the methods they use, or the disorders they treat. For example, addiction counselors assist individuals struggling with substance use, psychoanalysts provide psychoanalysis services to their clients, grief therapists assist clients navigating complex grief reactions. A therapist’s title and the approach chosen are the elements that play a crucial role in shaping their practice.

The four schools of thought are particularly significant due to their profound impact on the academic focus of psychology. Their roots can be traced back to some of the earliest philosophical ideas that shaped Western thought. For instance, the concept that it is forces beyond the control of an individual that influence social reality can be linked to the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato. This notion underpins behaviourism, suggesting that its intellectual origins lie in classical philosophy.

Similarly, the idea that individuals interpret their social world rather than being entirely shaped by it aligns with the philosophy of Aristotle. This principle is central to humanism, highlighting how its core ideas also stem from these early philosophical traditions. In essence, the foundational concepts of these psychological perspectives have their roots in ancient philosophical thought.

Updated: 2025
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